Charged with Electric Vehicle News and Views
Consumer Reports put the electric Model S P85D through the same tests other cars undergo at its track as part of its overall assessment of Tesla's performance sedan.
Watch the above video to see how it fared in three key tests, along with its fuel efficiency figure.
In this weeks episode of Fully Charged Robert Llewellyn gets a VIP invitation to witness the Aibus E-Fan battery powered electric aeroplane cross the English Channel.
First flown in April 2014, the plug-in plane is powered by two electric motors with a combined power of 60 kilowatts each driving a variable pitch fan providing a static thrust of 1.5 kN which is another engineering first on an electrically powered aircraft.
The motors are in turn powered by a 250V lithium polymer battery pack made by South Korean company Kokam. The batteries are housed within the inboard part of the wings parallel to the cockpit providing an endurance of between 45 minutes and 1 hour.
The batteries can be recharged in one hour.
In a new video posted by Toyota Austria, a taxi driver claims to have covered 1 million kilometers (more than 600,000 miles) in his 2007 Toyota Prius - all with the original battery pack.
What's more, the driver, Manfred Dvorak, claims the Prius has never broken down. "For me, the Prius is the ultimate sidekick," he says.
Volkswagen have launched an EU research project called 'V-Charge' to look into the near future of automated parking. Six national and international partners are jointly developing new technologies with a focus on automating the search for a parking space and on the wireless charging of electric vehicles.
The test vehicles not only automatically looks for an empty parking space, but can also finds an empty space with charging infrastructure and inductively charges its battery. Once the charging process is finished, it automatically frees up the charging bay for another electric vehicle and looks for a conventional parking space. 'V-Charge' stands for Valet Charge and is pointing the way to the future of automated parking.
In the USA especially, convenient valet parking is a big hit: you pull up in your car right outside your destination, valet service personnel park it for you and have it brought around again as and when you need it. There is no more time-wasting search for a parking place. The V-Charge project picks up on this idea. Its development goal is fully automated searching for a parking space ('valet parking') within defined zones, such as in multi-storey car parks.
There are many scenarios that illustrate the advantages of the V-Charge concept. Take one practical everyday example: a commuter notices that he is possibly going to be late and is thus running the risk of missing an important meeting at his company. With V-Charge he is able to pull up right in front of the main entrance, get out and establish the link to his vehicle via the associated smartphone application. Operating fully automatically, the vehicle has a digital map relayed to it and within the parking area or multi-storey car park autonomously navigates to a parking space. If it is an electric vehicle, the system additionally prioritises a parking bay with an automatic charging facility. Pedestrians, cyclists and other vehicles are identified by the cameras and ultrasound sensors integrated within the vehicle. Therefore, the vehicle is allowed to travel in so-called 'mixed traffic'. The selected parking area neither has to be an enclosed domain nor is any complex technical equipment required.
As the electric vehicle nears its destination, the system recognises via local sensors whether the allocated parking space is taken. If it is empty, the fully automatic parking manoeuvre begins and positions the vehicle exactly above the inductive charging spot. When the charging process is complete, the vehicle automatically moves to another parking space, leaving the charging station free for another electric car. When the driver returns to the multi-storey car park, he calls the vehicle back to the starting point via the V-Charge app. The vehicle moves to the defined pick-up location, with the driver not needing to set foot in the parking area or multi-storey car park.
Taking the lead in the international research consortium is the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich. It is responsible for visual localisation, movement planning and vehicle control (Autonomous Systems Lab division), camera calibration, 3D reconstruction from images and obstacle detection (Computer Vision and Geometry Lab division). Braunschweig Technical University works on the issues of car park management and the vehicle's communication with the technical surroundings (vehicle-to-infrastructure 'V2I'), Robert Bosch GmbH contributes its expertise in the field of sensor technology, Parma University looks after object recognition and Oxford University handles the development of detailed navigation maps of the parking area (semantic mapping concepts). As the sixth partner in the consortium, Volkswagen is providing the platform equipment, safety and control modules, as well as systems for static monitoring of surroundings, object recognition and automated parking.
The test vehicle: a network of technical sensory organs
The technical prerequisites largely already exist. During the introductory stage, for instance, it was possible to utilise sensor and camera technologies that are already being used in today's production vehicles. A dense network of sensory devices enables autonomous operation of the V-Charge test vehicle, which is based on a Volkswagen e Golf1. Four wide-angle cameras and two 3D cameras, twelve ultrasound sensors, digital maps and the so-called 'Car2X' technology for the vehicle's communication with the infrastructure ensure that the vehicle's surroundings are reliably detected and recognised. Pedestrians, vehicles and obstacles get identified, parking spaces recognised and measured and then this stream of data is put together in real time to form an overall picture – the task that the technical 'sensory organs' have to fulfil is complex and extremely varied.
As continual tests run as part of the research project show, V-Charge is already functional today. GPS-independent indoor localisation, centimetre-exact parking space measurement and 360-degree recognition of surroundings all function reliably, as do the system's reactions to pedestrians and vehicles and the way in which it takes account of traffic moving in line with or across the vehicle's path.
2005: a Volkswagen Touareg called 'Stanley' makes the first move towards autonomy
At Volkswagen automatic motoring moved from being a vision to a field of research at an early stage. 'Stanley' – a Touareg converted in cooperation with Stanford University in California and the Volkswagen Electronics Research Laboratory (USA) into a laboratory that could drive autonomously – was already winning the Grand Challenge competition for robot vehicles as far back as 2005. The next stage of development, in 2007, was the Passat 'Junior', which even then was finding its way through the big-city jungle without a driver – and doing so with such success that it took second place in the Urban Challenge for autonomous vehicles.
Given the working titles 'PAUL' and 'iCar', two further Passat research vehicles also demonstrated their autonomous capabilities that same year. While, thanks to intelligent parking assistance with no driver involvement, 'PAUL' slips into spaces perpendicular to the carriageway, the 'intelligent car' makes life easier for the driver in stop-and-go situations and on long monotonous journeys by automatically braking and keeping the appropriate distance.
In 2011, the 'eT – follow me!' microvan was launched as the ideal vehicle for delivery services. One real-life scenario: If the driver walks from house to house along a street delivering letters, for example, 'eT' follows him on quiet electric paws like a well-trained dog to ensure his mailbag is constantly replenished ('FollowMe' function) – or stays on his spot like a good boy until receiving the electronic 'come to me' call.
Also taking to the stage of autonomous motoring in 2011 was the 'HAVE-IT' (Highly Automated Vehicles for Intelligent Transport), a Volkswagen AG contribution to the research project of the same name funded by the European Commission. The Wolfsburg engineers had developed for the Passat Variant a 'temporary autopilot', which set the best possible degree of automation for driving on motorways and similar roads based on the driving situation, surroundings, the driver's condition and the system status.
General Motors engineers say early testing of its upcoming Chevrolet Bolt EV is affirming their estimates that the car will have a range of 320 km (200 miles) between charges.
The automaker has produced 55 prototypes of the all-electric vehicle at plants in Seoul, South Korea, and Orion Township. They have been driven hard throughout GM's Milford Proving Grounds and early results are positive, engineers say.
"We have experienced 200 miles. We're pretty confident in that," said Pam Fletcher, GM executive chief engineer for electrified vehicles. "You can imagine we're going to eke out every mile of range we can."
Chevy unveiled the Bolt (that’s “Bolt” with a “B,” not to be confused with the existing plug-in hybrid Chevy Volt) concept at the Detroit Auto Show back in January, the hand-built prototypes have been testing since April. Vowing a 320 km (200-mile) range and a price tag of $30,000 after incentives, the Bolt is expected to enter production sometime in 2017.
Pam Fletcher, the chief executive engineer for electric vehicles at General Motors, also emphasized on Wednesday that GM’s electrification technology and manufacturing is U.S.-based. “Chevrolet’s electrification technology is very much grounded here in the U.S.,” Fletcher said in a video posted on GM’s site. She mentioned that the battery packs and electric drive units for the Volt are manufactured in Michigan and the electric motors are made in the U.S. “It’s a really a terrific story for technology and manufacturing and electrification in this country,” she said.
Chevrolet has committed to pricing the Bolt at about $30,000 after the $7,500 tax credit.
340 kW of power, 0 to 100 km/h in 3.9 seconds and a driving range of up to 450 km
Visually, the 4.40 meter (14.4 ft) long Audi R8 e-tron is recognizable by its unique lighting solutions on the air inlets, front apron and sideblades. Its exterior skin, painted in Magnetic Blue, combines body parts made of aluminum and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), such as the front and rear lids. Thanks to aerodynamic modifications to its cooling air inlet, rear spoiler, diffuser, underbody and sideblades, the drag coefficient (Cd) of the R8 e-tron is just 0.28. Its Audi Space Frame (ASF) is based on the multimaterial design of the V10 version, which is extended by a rear body module made of CFRP. Despite its low weight, the corrugated bulkheads that conceal the luggage compartment can absorb a lot of energy in a rear-end collision.
The T-shaped battery is structurally integrated in the middle tunnel and is mounted behind the occupant cell – this location offers a low center of gravity and an axle load distribution of 40:60 (front/rear). The high-voltage battery is based on lithium-ion technology. The liquid-cooled lithium-ion battery consists of 52 modules. Compared to the first e-tron technology platform, the energy capacity of the new 595 kg (1311.8 lb) battery system was boosted from around 48.6 kWh to 90.3 kWh without requiring any package modifications.
Thanks to the high energy density, which was increased from 84 to 152 Wh/kg, the R8 e-tron can be driven up to 450 km (279.6 mi) on just one battery charge – previously it was 215 km (133.6 mi). In the Combined Charging System (CCS) for charging with DC or AC electricity, the battery can be fully charged in well under two hours. The driver can control this process remotely by smartphone, if the user has installed the relevant Audi connect app.
920 Nm (678.6 lb-ft) of torque
The two electric motors on the rear axle each output 170 kW and 460 Nm (339.3 lb-ft) of torque. The R8 e-tron, which weighs just 1,841 kg (4058.7 lb) empty (without driver), sprints from 0 to 100 km/h (62.1 mph) in 3.9 seconds and can accelerate to an electronically governed top speed of 250 km/h (155.3 mph) while developing its unique e-sound. Targeted Torque Vectoring – a need-based distribution of drive power between the rear wheels – gives the car maximum stability and dynamism.
Intelligent energy management and an electromechanical brake system at the rear axle ensure high rates of energy recuperation. The suspension springs consist of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP), and the anti-roll bar is made of CFRP.
The R8 e-tron rides on aerodynamically optimized, high-gloss 19-inch aero wheels that were specially developed for this car. At the front axle, size 225/40R19 tires enable precise steering response. Size 275/40R19 tires transfer the torque of the electric motors to the road. The tires were specially developed for the requirements of an electric supercar, and they combine sporty driving properties with efficient rolling resistance values. Extremely sporty 20-inch wheels of the production R8 are available via the Audi Genuine Accessories program.
In the finely crafted interior, the R8 e-tron offers illuminated door sill trims, folding bucket seats and a specially configured Audi virtual cockpit. A heat pump removes waste heat from electrical components for thermal management and for interior climate control – an important efficiency module of the overall concept.
Audi also uses the latest development stage of the R8 e-tron as a high-tech laboratory – it also continues to play an important role in developing electric mobility of the future. The R8 e-tron will be produced in the small-scale production facility of quattro GmbH at the Audi Neckarsulm site in the Böllinger Höfe.
450 km (279.6 mi) range on a fully charged battery
The new battery cells are primarily responsible for the new performance and driving range of the Audi R8 e-tron. Audi has systematically adapted its high-voltage battery system to the specific needs of electric cars – the primary focus was on achieving an optimal ratio between power and energy. The results: The R8 e-tron has a significantly longer driving range and even more power than the previous model. In developing the high-voltage battery, the brand with the four rings followed the principle of maximum flexibility without losing sight of synergies in electrification. Its flexible cell module concept makes the Audi brand well-equipped for all future market developments, while the modular concept also guarantees Group-wide use across different car models.
The battery operates with 385 volts of nominal voltage, and its new cell module concept achieves excellent performance. The battery’s energy density grew from 84 watt-hours per kilogram (Wh/kg) to 152 Wh/kg, and its nominal capacity from 48.6 kWh to 90.3 kWh. Its driving range on a full charge has more than doubled – from 215 km (133.6 mi) to as much as 450 km (279.6 mi). These values make Audi the leader among the competition.
The battery system of the Audi R8 e-tron takes on the shape of a “T”. It measures 235 cm (92.5 in) long, 136 cm (53.5 in) wide and 70 cm (27.6 in) high, including the junction box on the cross-bar of the “T”. This junction box is responsible for monitoring, switching and transmitting an electrical current of over 1,200 amperes. The highly complex battery system consists of over 10,000 individual parts.
The 7,488 cells are packed in 52 modules of 144 cells each. Each module weighs 7.8 kg (17.2 lb). They are arranged on two and five levels (“floors”) in the tunnel battery and in the rear battery. Aluminum plates separate the “floors” from one another while creating the supporting structure for the battery.
Coolant circulates in a cooling system of aluminum shells. In a crash, high-strength floor plates and impact plates redirect the crash forces into the multimaterial ASF (Audi Space Frame) of the R8 e-tron in a defined way.
40:60: axle load distribution
The 595 kg (1311.8 lb) battery system is joined to the ASF with bolts in the middle tunnel and behind the occupant cell, making it an integral part of the vehicle structure. Its mounting position results in a low center of gravity and an axle load distribution of 40:60 (front/rear), which is ideal for a mid-engine sports car.
The Combo 2 charging interface of the Combined Charging System in the Audi R8 e-tron enables charging with AC or DC electricity. When charging with AC from an industrial electrical outlet with 7.2 kW of charging power, a full charge is reached in just around 12 hours. Charging with DC electricity shortens the time – to just 95 minutes at a charging power of 50 kW. Audi is demonstrating charging equipment that can charge this battery system with up to 150 kW of charging power. For the driver of the R8 e-tron, this means that a driving range of around 150 km (93.2 mi) can be attained after just 15 minutes of charging time. The customer can manage charging remotely as well – using a smartphone on which the customer has installed the relevant Audi connect app.
Jay Leno has a behind-the-Scenes chat with Chief engineer Zack Eakin about Nissan’s daring new front-engined 1,000 hp Hybrid LM P1 race car.
Watch Jann Mardenborough, Nissan GT Academy’s Season 3 winner, take it around the test track in Kentucky.
BYD Company Ltd. has officially announced their much anticipated Dual Mode Electric SUV, the Tang, will become available for pre-order on January 21, 2015 for the anticipated price of 300,000 RMB (before EV incentives) - USD$48,360. The announcement took place at BYD’s Annual International Auto Innovator Conference in Shenzhen. Demand for the BYD Tang is said to be incredibly high after BYD saw record EV sales in 2014 with the BYD Qin now topping the World’s Best Selling EV charts (presently in 5th place in PHEV sales). The BYD Tang is expected to quickly surpass the BYD Qin’s monthly sales figures as China has waited a long time for a PHEV Sport Utility Vehicle.
The BYD Tang, announced at Auto China 2014 (the Beijing Auto Show), is BYD Auto’s second generation DM 2.0 PHEV vehicle, and first of the much touted BYD 5-4-2 platform models:
Similar to the BYD Qin, Tang gets its name from the Tang Dynasty, and is known throughout the world as the most prosperous of all the great Chinese Dynasties. Also announced during the innovator’s conference were two more Sport Utility offerings from BYD that will become available for order later in 2015:
The “BYD Song”, a mid-size SUV along with the “BYD Yuan”, a compact SUV will both cater to China’s insatiable demand for Sport Utility Vehicles, and when powered by BYD’s industry leading 5-4-2 platform are set to redefine limitations of current PHEVs and SUVs alike.
Rimac Automotive have released a tease video of a track test session. The car featured has been built by Rimac for Monster Tajima, who will contest the 2016 Pikes Peak International Hill Climb with the vehicle.
Full details will be revealed soon
Bosch's engineers took a pair of Model S and fitted them with autonomous technology to allow them to drive themselves.
That technology consisted of 50 new components, including (brace yourselves) a front stereo video camera to watch the road markings and identify obstacles, six (non-Bosch) LiDAR laser scanners for 360º coverage around the car, two long-range (200m) and four mid-range (120m) radar sensors facing forwards and backwards, inertial sensors, a GNSS GPS navigation antenna, backup braking (both Bosch’s iBooster and ESP boxes) and ECU systems and a massive great PC in the back to hold hi-res maps and crunch the incoming data via bespoke algorithms.
In total, 1400 human-hours, 1300 metres of cable and an estimated €200,000 went into the car.
The result looks almost like a normal Model S - no pirhouetting Velodyne ‘Christmas tree’ on the roof here, just a few dark panels, a flying saucer GNSS antenna on the back and some industrial-looking buttons - and it’s so effective that it’s almost prosaic.
At the winding Boxberg test track, a Ford Fiesta drove around in front of us to show how smart the Tesla now is. Stopping quickly, driving at snail’s pace, accelerating into the distance: the Tesla reacted to the lot in a considered, sedate, measured manner. (Bosch tells us it can also swap lanes, overtake and merge with traffic on its own, but we didn’t get to check that out.)
[Stuff]
