Some energy experts say battery-powered vehicles will increasingly help keep the lights on and support electric grids, rather than straining them.
The U.A.W., with a more confrontational leader, aims to win back wage and benefit concessions and insulate jobs from the rise of electric vehicles.
The biggest U.S. automaker sold more trucks and sport-utility vehicles as supply chain problems eased and demand remained strong.
More technology and creature comforts, as well as a parade of new electric vehicles, have complicated the job after accidents.
Ford, General Motors and others are striking deals with mining companies to avoid raw material shortages that could thwart their electric vehicle ambitions.
The company bought a shuttered General Motors plant in Ohio but struggled to produce its pickup truck.
Deals with Ford and G.M. will make it easier to find a charger but could give Elon Musk control of critical infrastructure.
The electric car company, which operates the country’s most extensive charging network, struck a similar deal with Ford Motor recently.
The automakers paid the federal government for falling short of efficiency standards for cars and trucks in recent years.
Passenger cars dominate the electric vehicle market, but light delivery trucks could benefit from the cost savings and range E.V.s offer.