Ford Motor attributed the loss in the fourth quarter to charges related to pension plans and a restructuring of overseas operations.
The automaker has placed a bet on battery-powered cars, but it has struggled to produce and sell the vehicles in large numbers.
The nation’s largest automaker sold more cars in 2023 than a year ago as supply chain chaos ended, but sales are now under pressure from rising interest rates.
Ford and other automaker have had to readjust their electric vehicle production plans because sales have been weaker than they had expected.
General Motors became the last of the three large U.S. automakers to reach a tentative agreement on a new contract with the United Automobile Workers union.
Stellantis, the parent of Chrysler, Jeep and Ram, and the United Automobile Workers union said they had reached a deal on a new contract similar to the one that the union reached with Ford.
The carmaker reported $3.1 billion in profit from July through September, which included two weeks of walkouts by the United Automobile Workers.
The executive chairman of Ford Motor counsels patience as his company negotiates with the United Automobile Workers union, which has shut three of his company’s plants.
Mr. Ford, the executive chairman of Ford Motor, said nonunion automakers would make gains against Michigan automakers because of strikes by the United Automobile Workers union.
The United Automobile Workers union refrained from expanding the strikes at Ford, General Motors and Stellantis but said it could do so at any time.