Carmakers, government agencies and investors are pouring money into battery research in a global race to profit from emission-free electric cars.
Building electric cars, and repairing them, will require a huge change for the industry and usher in a new automotive era.
Every carmaker is trying to figure out how to make the leap before governments force it and Tesla and other start-ups lure away drivers.
Rivian, which has raised another $2.65 billion, plans to sell a pickup truck and S.U.V. it has worked on for more than a decade.
Traditional automakers have struggled to sell electric cars. That could change as Ford, Volkswagen and others introduce new models.
The chairman of Ford Motor and the great-grandson of Henry Ford is an elder statesman in an industry where C.E.O.s come and go.